![]() ![]() ĝuring pipeline construction as a result of fabrication or welding (causing shrinkage crack in the vicinity of girth weld, lack of fusion, hook cracks, gouging).ĝuring pipe manufacture in pipe mill or transportation (causing seam weld cracks, indentation, notches).However, initiation of all such cracks require a structural anomaly created in the pipe wall at any stage: Axial cracking (cracks oriented along pipeline axis) or crack propagation occurs due to hoop-stress generated in pipe wall resulting from operating pressure contained in the pipeline.Ĭircumferential cracking (cracks oriented perpendicular to pipeline axis) or crack propagation occurs due to bending and/or longitudinal stresses caused due to geotechnical movements in soil or operational extremities. ![]() Upstream pipelines carrying multiphase fluids, slurry, crude, condensate, and raw natural gas often at elevated temperatures are more prone to cracks and crack-like threats than downstream pipelines that deliver refined petroleum products and processed pipeline quality gas.
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